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( plural cer . e . mo . nies )

a formal public or religious event

the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games

a wedding ceremony

► cer • e • mo • ni • al / |sera ' mounial / adjective

a ceremonial occasion

cer .tain Ф / 'ssrtn/ adjective

sure about something; without any doubt I'm certain that I've seen her before.

Are you certain about that?

—ANTONYM uncertain

used for talking about a particular thing or person without saying what or who they are

Do you want the work to be finished by a certain date? It's cheaper to call at certain times of the day.

for certain

without any doubt

I don't know for certain where she is. make certain

to check something so that you are sure about it

Please make certain that the window is closed before you

leave.

cer .tain .ly Ф / 'ssrtnli/ adverb

without any doubt

She is certainly the best swimmer on the team. —SYNONYM definitely

( formal ) used when answering questions to mean "of course"

"Will you open the door for me, please?" "Certainly." "Are you going to tell him the bad news?" "Certainly not!"

cer • tif • i • cate / sar' tifakat / noun [ count ]

an important piece of paper that shows that something is true

Your birth certificate shows when and where you were born.

ce • sar • e • an / si ' zerian /

( also ce . sar . e . an sec . tion / si|zerian ' sek/n / ) noun [ count ]

( health ) an operation in which a mother's body is cut open so her baby can be taken out She had a cesarean.

chain 1 Ф / tjein / noun

[ count, noncount ] a line of metal rings that are joined together

She wore a gold chain around her neck. My bicycle chain is broken. a length of chain

— Look at the picture at bicycle , jewelry .

[ count ] ( business ) a group of stores, restaurants, hotels, etc. that are owned by one person or company

The mall has most of the major chain stores (= stores that are part of a chain ) .

chain 2© / tjein/ verb ( chains , chain ing , chained )

to attach someone or something to a place with a chain The dog was chained to a tree.

chair О / tjer /

1 [ count ] a piece of furniture for one person to sit on, with four legs, a seat, and a back a table and four chairs

chair

armchair

chairs

stool sofa/couch

2 [ singular ] = chairperson

the chair of the history department

chair • per • son / ' / noun [ count ]

( also chair ) ( also chair • man / ' Уятоэп / chair • wom • an / ' t/er|Wumэn / )

( business ) a person who controls a meeting, group, or university department

chalk / tjok / noun [ count, noncount ]

( art ) small sticks made of a soft white rock that you use for writing or drawing

The teacher wrote the answer on the board with a piece of chalk.

a box of colored chalks

chalk • board / ' tjokbord/ noun [ count ] another word for blackboard

chal.lenge / ' t/abnd3 /

[count ]

a new or difficult thing that makes you try hard Climbing the mountain will be a real challenge.

an invitation to fight or play a game against someone

chal • lenge2aw / ' t/abnd3 /

( chal leng • es , chal leng • ing , chal • lenged )

to ask someone to play a game with you or fight with you to see who wins

The boxer challenged the world champion to a fight.

to refuse to accept a set of rules; to say that you think someone or something is wrong

She does not like anyone challenging her authority.

chal • leng • er AW / ' t^abndзэr / noun

[ count ]