Читаем Soldaten полностью

20. Room Conversation, Schlottig–Wertenbruch, 10 August 1944, NARA, RG 165, Entry 179, Box 540.

21. Raul Hilberg, Die Vernichtung der europäischen Juden (Frankfurt/Main: Fischer, 1990), p. 1080.

22. Karl E. Weick and Kathleen M. Sutcliffe, Das Unerwartete managen: Wie Unternehmen aus Extremsituationen lernen (Stuttgart: Schaeffer-Poescher, 2003).

23. Gerhard Paul, Bilder des Krieges, Krieg der Bilder: Die Visualisierung des modernen Krieges (Paderborn: Schoeningh Verlag, 2004), p. 236.

24. SRM 564, 17 June 1944, TNA, WO 208/4138.

25. Wolfram Wette, ed., Stille Helden—Judenretter im Dreiländereck während des Zweiten Weltkriegs (Freiburg: Herder, 2005), pp. 215–32.

26. Harald Welzer, Täter: Wie aus ganz normalen Menschen Massenmörder werden (Frankfurt/Main: Fischer Verlag, 2005), p. 183.

27. GRGG 217, 29–30 October 1944, TNA, WO 208/4364.

28. There has been much written about the fact that more than 60 percent of the participants in the Milgram experiment were willing to subject what they believed was a fellow participant to a presumably lethal dose of electricity. The experiment was duplicated in more than ten other countries, and the results remained comparable. What has attracted less attention is the fact that the percentage of people who blindly obeyed instructions sank when the experiment was varied. This strongly suggested that social immediacy has a strong influence on obedience. If there was contact between the “learner” and the “teacher,” for instance, if they were in the same room or the “teacher” had to press the “learner’s” hand onto an electrified surface, the percentage of those who blindly followed instructions sank to 40 and 30 percent respectively. The significance of social proximity also emerges when “teachers” and “learners” were friends, acquaintances, or family members. In these cases, the percentage of blind obedience dropped to 15 percent, and “disobedient” subjects tended to break off the experiment significantly earlier than in other variations of the Milgram test.

29. Edward A. Shils and Morris Janowitz, “Cohesion and Disintegration in the Wehrmacht in World War II,” Public Opinion Quarterly 12, no. 2 (Summer 1948).

30. Morton Hunt, Das Rätsel der Nächstenliebe (Frankfurt: Suhrkamp Taschenbuch, 1988), p. 77.

31. Cited in ibid.

32. Sebastian Haffner, Geschichte eines Deutschen. Erinnerungen, 1914–1933 (Munich: Der Hoerverlang GmbH, 2002), p. 105.

33. Harald Welzer, Sabine Moller, and Karoline Tschuggnall, “Opa war kein Nazi”: Nationalsozialismus und Holocaust im Familiengedächtnis (Frankfurt/Main: Fischer, 2002), p. 75.

34. Sebastian Haffner also wrote: “The strange and disheartening thing was admittedly that, beyond the initial shock, the first grand announcement of a new mood of murder in all of Germany occasioned a flood of discussions—but about the ‘Jewish question’ and not the anti-Semitic question. It was a trick the Nazis also used successfully in a number of other ‘questions.’ By publicly threatening someone else—a country, a population or a group of people—with death, they prompted a general discussion of the other’s right to existence instead of their own. Such discussions actively questioned the value of others’ lives. Suddenly, everyone felt competent and justified in having and spreading an opinion about Jews.” Haffner, Geschichte, p. 139ff.

35. Welzer, Täter, p. 161ff.

36. Peter Longerich, Davon haben wir nichts gewusst! Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung 1933–1945 (Munich: Siedler, 2006), p. 25ff.

37. Saul Friedländer, Das Dritte Reich und die Juden: Die Jahre der Verfolgung 1933–1945 (Munich: Deutsche Taschenbuch Verlag, 1998), p. 24.

38. Michael Wildt, Volksgemeinschaft als Selbstermächtigung: Gewalt gegen Juden in der deutschen Provinz, 1919–1939 (Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2007).

39. Peter Longerich, Politik der Vernichtung: Eine Gesamtdarstellung der nationalsozialistischen Judenverfolgung (Munich: Piper Verlag, 1998), p. 578.

40. Raphael Groß, Anständig geblieben: Nationalsozialistische Moral (Frankfurt/Main: Fischer Verlag, 2010); Welzer, Täter, p. 48ff.