Читаем Leningrad полностью

37 Barber and Dzeniskevich, eds, Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad, 1941–44, pp. 1, 63. The Burial Trust report of April 1943 gives what it admits is a ‘far from accurate’ number of 1,093,659 corpses interred in the twelve months to 1 July 1942. This is generally accepted to be a substantial overestimate, driven by the fact that cemetery and corpse collection staff were paid according to productivity.

Chapter 12: ‘We Were Like Stones’

1 Mariya Mashkova, ‘Iz blokadnykh zapisei’, in V pamyat ushedshikh i vo slavu zhivushchikh: dnevniki, vospominaniya, pisma, pp. 37–9 (17 February 1942).

2 Lidiya Ginzburg, Blockade Diary, p. 11. Pavel Gubchevsky of the Hermitage remembered marvelling at the extravagance of energy and organisation that had gone into pre-war productions at the Philharmonia and the Mariinsky — why had he not gone to concerts and the ballet more often before? Notes to Pages 233–245

3 Aleksandr Boldyrev, Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik, pp. 41–2 (11–13 January 1942).

4 Ivan Zhilinsky, ‘Blokadniy dnevnik’, Voprosy istorii, 5–7, 1996, part 3, p. 3 (30 January 1942).

5 Lidiya Ginzburg, Blockade Diary, pp. 62–3.

6 Boldyrev, Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevik, p. 83 (4 April 1942).

7 Klara Rakhman, 20 December 1941. Unpublished manuscript, in possession of the diarist’s family.

8 Interview with Dr Lyuba Vinogradova, Moscow, July 2007.

9 Yelena Kochina, Blockade Diary, pp. 86–8 (1, 5 and 7 February 1942).

10 Dmitri Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Soul: A Memoir, pp. 249–50.

11 Olga Grechina, ‘Spasayus spasaya chast 1: pogibelnaya zima (1941–1942 gg.)’, Neva, 1, 1994, pp. 242–3.

12 Solomon Volkov, St Petersburg: A Cultural History, p. 437; Leon Gouré, The Siege of Leningrad, p. 201.

13 Kochina, Blockade Diary, p. 86 (30 January 1942).

14 Likhachev, Reflections on the Russian Soul, p. 266.

15 Dmitri Lazarev, ‘Vospominaniya o blokade’, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Muzeya Istorii Sankt-Peterburga, vol. 5, p. 238.

16 Mashkova, ‘Iz blokadnykh zapisei’, p. 41 (18 February 1942).

17 Ibid., p. 76 (23 April 1942).

18 Interview with Dr Lyuba Vinogradova, Moscow, July 2007.

19 Boldyrev, Osadnaya zapis: blokadniy dnevnik, p. 58 (13 February 1942).

20 Ginzburg, Blockade Diary, p. 3.

21 Georgi Knyazev, 3 February 1942, in Ales Adamovich and Daniil Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 440.

22 Vera Inber, Leningrad Diary, p. 50 (14 January 1942).

23 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade,p. 474.

24 Mikhail Steblin-Kamensky, ‘The Siege of Leningrad’, Granta 30: New Europe!, April 1990, pp. 183–9. First published in Neva, 1, 1989.

25 Geraldine Norman, The Hermitage: The Biography of a Great Museum, p. 255.

26 Elliott Mossman, ed., The Correspondence of Olga Freidenberg and Boris Pasternak, 1910–1954, p. 225. Notes to Pages 245–253

27 Adamovich and Granin, A Book of the Blockade, p. 78.

28 Klara Rakhman, unpublished manuscript in possession of the author’s grandson, p. 5 (7 December 1941.)

29 Lev Uspensky, ‘Gordost i lyubov moya’, in G. S. Melnik and G. V. Zhirkov, eds, Radio, blokada, Leningrad, St Petersburg, 2002, pp. 203–4.

30 Lisa A. Kirschenbaum, The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments, pp. 54, 72.

31 Ibid., p. 66. There is confusion about when February Diary was first broadcast. In her autobiography of 1952, Berggolts recounts that a last-minute call from the censor prevented its broadcast on Red Army Day itself, and that it was not published in full until May. Other accounts, however, describe the broadcast going ahead as planned. Extracts were certainly published in ‘wall newspapers’ and widely circulated before spring.

32 Aleksandr Rubashkin, Golos Leningrada: Leningradskoye Radio v dni blokady, p. 136.

33 See Mikhail Shkarovsky, ‘Iskrenniy privet ot Stalina: religioznaya zhizn blokadnogo Leningrada’, Rodina, 1, 2003, pp. 146–50.

34 Report on the ‘Liquidation of the Archimandrite Klavdi Group’, 1 October 1942. In Andrei Dzeniskevich, ed., Leningrad v osade: sbornik dokumentov, doc. 192, p. 446.

35 Editor’s footnote to Olga Berggolts, Zvezda, 4, April 1991, pp. 128–41 (8 February 1942).