Читаем Poland полностью

Stephen (Bathory), King of Poland 106, 109-10, 111-12, 127, 133

Stojeński, Piotr 99

Stoss, Viet 52

strikes 262, 267, 302, 309, 311, 336, 363-4, 365, 371, 374, 376, 377, 380, 381, 390, 393

Stroop, SS Brigadeführer Jurgen 324

Students’ Solidarity Committee, Kraków 368

Suchocka, Hanna 390, 391

Suleiman ’the Magnificent’ 56

Svatopolk, Prince 8

Svidrigaila, Grand Duke 40

Sweden 4, 23, 30, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 128, 135, 147-9, 154, 155, 157, 160-1, 163, 165, 166, 167, 176, 177, 178, 204, 205

Swedish war (1655) 128

Światło, Colonel Józef 354, 355

Świętochowski, Aleksander 277

Sylvester I, Pope 5

Synod of Łęczyca (1285) 27

Szaniawski, Józef Kalasanty 229

Szczecin 26, 110, 357, 363, 371

Szczekociny, Battle of 215

Szkoła Rycerska 191

szlachta (gentry) 16, 45, 47, 56, 58, 60, 62, 63, 67, 71, 75-6, 78-9, 80, 84, 88, 90, 93, 94, 95, 96, 148, 157; adopt Lithuanians as brothers in chivalry 40; Calvinism and 63; Catholic Church, relationship with 62; characteristics of 47, 94-5; clothing 94-5; Commonwealth 88, 90, 93-6; constitution and 78, 79, 186; culture and outlook 94; deprived of legal immunities and political prerogatives (1776) 197; election of monarch and 82, 83; estates 48; foreign travel 96; government by consensus, principle established 43; hospitality 95; land ownership 50-1, 182-4; Latin and 104; law forbidding engagement in commerce 200; levée en masse, wish to perpetuate idea of 90; origins of 47; peasantry and 94, 271-2; promotes economic interest by political means 50; Reformation and 63, 67, 71; regulates admission to its own ranks 88; revolutionary tendencies 250-1; Roman civilisation, reverence for 94; Sarmatian myth and 94, 96; Sejm and 43, 47, 107; 1791 constitution and 211; sixteenth century 78-9, 88, 90, 94-5, 95-6; starosties enrage 73; taxation 206; trade and 48; in Ukraine 140; wealth of 95-6

Szymborska, Wisława 407

Szymonowicz, Szymon 101-2

Talmudic academy, Lublin 65

Tarnów, Jan of 51

Tarnowski, Jan Amor 51, 67

Tarnowski, Jan Amor, Hetman 132

Tarnowski family 51, 119

TASS 372-3, 375

Tasso, Torquato 102, 104, 169

Tatars 19-20, 22, 27, 34, 35, 38, 39, 57, 58, 78, 90, 104, 105, 131, 132, 135, 141, 143, 144, 145, 148, 154, 158, 162, 163, 164, 165, 170, 171

taxation 67, 72, 73, 117, 155, 156, 206

Tehran Conference (1943) 326

Tempest plan 326-7, 332

Templars 21-2, 23-6, 30, 34-5, 38-40, 48, 52, 62, 103, 110-11, 165, 253, 264

Tenczyński family 119

Tepper, Piotr Fergusson 201

Terlecki, Cyryl, Bishop of Łuck 138-9

Teutonic Knights 21-2, 23-6, 30, 34-5, 38-40, 48, 52, 62, 103, 110-11, 165, 253, 264

textile industry 201, 269-70, 309

Thatcher, Margaret 376

theatre, Polish 198, 278

Third Republic: birth of 384, 385; elections 382, 386, 388, 389, 390-3, 394-5, 396, 397, 404-7, 408; European Union and 385, 392, 393, 401, 402, 404, 405, 408; flaws in mechanisms of democracy 396-8; former areas of Commonwealth, approach to 399-400; foreign policy 398-404; former communists, influence within 386-7, 389-90, 391-2, 393-4, 397-8; Germany, relations with 401-2, 403; informers/former communists, approach towards 390, 391, 395, 407; Iraq War, role in 402; Jews within 401; literature and art 406-7; NATO and 392, 402, 404; organised crime 392, 394; police force 259, 385, 386, 408; privatisation 391-2; Russia, relations with 389, 399, 400, 403-4; Sejm 386, 389, 390-1, 396, 398, 408; Wałęesa government 388-9, 390-1

Thirty Years’ War 115, 136, 165, 166

Toruń 51, 89, 103, 139, 155, 192

Toruń, Treaty of (1466) 39

towns and cities: ethnic groups within 17, 51-2; growth of 14, 17, 51, 201; Jewish communities within 93; languages within 52; populations of 51, 155; private towns put pressure on 155; Sejm, representation in 88, 89, 155; separation from rest of country 17; taxation 155; see also under individual town and city name

trade unions 336, 351; see also Solidarity

Traugutt, Romuald 245

Trawiński, Florian 276

Treaty of Bautzen (1018) 8

Treaty of Pereiaslav (1654) 147

Trentowski, Bronisław 254

Troki 55, 58

Trzciana, Battle of (1629) 135

Tudor, Mary 69, 74

Tukhachevsky, Mikhail 295, 296

Tusk, Donald 394-5, 396

Turkey 42, 56, 57, 60, 94, 104-5, 131, 132, 135, 140, 141, 142, 143, 146, 152, 153, 158, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 170-1, 178, 193, 204-5, 210, 211, 247, 249

Tygodnik Powszechny 358-9

Tymiński, Stan 388

Tyniec 14

Tyszkiewicz, Samuel 122

Tyzenhaus, Antoni 201

UB (Urząd Bezpieczeństwa) 333, 334, 344, 351, 354

Uchański, Bishop 66

Ugedey, Khan 19

Ukraine xviii, 80, 120, 132, 136-46, 149, 151, 162, 178, 187, 193, 245, 266, 268, 274, 282-3, 292, 294, 295, 299, 303-4, 310, 339, 340, 341, 342-3, 389, 399, 400, 402, 403, 404

Ukrayinska Povstanska Armiya (UPA) 341, 342, 343

Ulyanov, Alexander 285

Umiński, Colonel 224

UNDO 304, 341

Uniate Church 139, 140, 274

Union of Active Struggle 289

Union of Brześć, 1596 139, 140

Union of Freedom (UW) 393

Union of Hadziacz (1658) 149

Union of Lublin (1569) 80, 130, 136

Union of Polish Patriots 327

Union of Polish Youth (ZMP) 352

United Nations 357