string& replaceAll(string& context, const string& from,

  const string& to) {

  size_t lookHere = 0;

  size_t foundHere;

while ((foundHere = context.find(from, lookHere))

  != string::npos) {

    context.replace(foundHere, from.size(), to);

lookHere = foundHere + to.size();

  }

  return context;

} ///:~

The version of find( ) used here takes as a second argument the position to start looking in and returns string::npos if it doesn’t find it. It is important to advance the position held in the variable lookHere past the replacement string, of course, in case from is a substring of to. The following program tests the replaceAll function:^.

//: C03:ReplaceAllTest.cpp

//{-msc}

//{L} ReplaceAll

#include

#include

using namespace std;

string& replaceAll(string& context, const string& from,

  const string& to);

int main() {

  string text = "a man, a plan, a canal, panama";

  replaceAll(text, "an", "XXX");

  assert(text == "a mXXX, a plXXX, a cXXXal, pXXXama");

} ///:~

As you can see, the string class by itself doesn’t solve all possible problems. Many solutions have been left to the algorithms in the Standard library,[31] because the string class can look just like an STL sequence (by virtue of the iterators discussed earlier). All the generic algorithms work on a "range" of elements within a container. Usually that range is just "from the beginning of the container to the end." A string object looks like a container of characters: to get the beginning of the range you use string::begin( ), and to get the end of the range you use string::end( ). The following example shows the use of the replace( ) algorithm to replace all the instances of the single character ‘X’ with ‘Y’:^.

//: C03:StringCharReplace.cpp

#include

#include

#include

using namespace std;

int main() {

  string s("aaaXaaaXXaaXXXaXXXXaaa");

  replace(s.begin(), s.end(), 'X', 'Y');

  assert(s == "aaaYaaaYYaaYYYaYYYYaaa");

} ///:~

Notice that this replace( ) is not called as a member function of string. Also, unlike the string::replace( ) functions that only perform one replacement, the replace( ) algorithm replaces all instances of one character with another^.

The replace( ) algorithm only works with single objects (in this case, char objects) and will not replace quoted char arrays or string objects. Since a string behaves like an STL sequence, a number of other algorithms can be applied to it, which might solve other problems that are not directly addressed by the string member functions^.

Concatenation using nonmember overloaded operators

One of the most delightful discoveries awaiting a C programmer learning about C++ string handling is how simply strings can be combined and appended using operator+ and operator+=. These operators make combining strings syntactically similar to adding numeric data^.

//: C03:AddStrings.cpp

#include

#include

using namespace std;

int main() {

  string s1("This ");

  string s2("That ");

  string s3("The other ");

  // operator+ concatenates strings

  s1 = s1 + s2;

  assert(s1 == "This That ");

  // Another way to concatenates strings

  s1 += s3;

  assert(s1 == "This That The other ");

  // You can index the string on the right

  s1 += s3 + s3[4] + "ooh lala";

  assert(s1 == "This That The other The other "

        "oooh lala");

} ///:~

Using the operator+ and operator+= operators is a flexible and convenient way to combine string data. On the right side of the statement, you can use almost any type that evaluates to a group of one or more characters^.

Searching in strings

The find family of string member functions allows you to locate a character or group of characters within a given string. Here are the members of the find family and their general usage :