Читаем Кто мы? полностью

18 K. Liebkind, Minority Identity and Identification Processes,p. 51, citing Henri Tajfel, "Interindividual behaviour and intergroup behaviour" in Tajfel, H., ed., "Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations", European Monographs in Social Psychology,no. 14 , (London: Academic Press, 1978), p. 27-60.

19 Committee on International Relations, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Us and Them: The Psychology of Ethnonationatism(New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1987), p. 115.

20 Ibid; Jonathan Mercer, "Anarchy and Identity", International Organization,49 (Spring 1995), p. 250.

21 Josef Goebbels, quoted in Jonathan Mercer, "Approaching Hate: The Cognitive Foundations of Discrimination", CISAC (Stanford University, January 1994),

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p. 1; Andre Malraux, Man's Fate(New York: Random House, 1969), p. 3 cited by Robert D. Kaplan, "The Coming Anarchy", Atlantic Monthly,273 (February 1994), p. 72; Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, "Why War?", in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud(London: Hogarth Press, 1964), p. 199-215.

22 Vamik D. Volkan, "The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: A Developmental Approach", Political Psychology,6 (June 1985) p. 219, 243, 247; Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: From Clinical Practice to International Relationships(Northvale, N.J. : J. Aronson, 1994), p. 35; Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man(New York: Free Press, 1992), p. 162-177.

23 Mercer, "Anarchy and Identity", p. 242; Volkan, "The Need to Have Enemies and Allies" p. 231; Dennis Wrong, The Problem of Order: What Unites and Divides Society(New York: Free Press, 1994), p. 203-4; Economist,7 July 1990, p. 29. The form this discrimination takes may, however, be shaped by culture. Mercer, "Approaching Hate", p. 4-6, 8, 11 citing Margaret Wetherell, "Cross-Cultural Studies of Minimal Groups: Implications for the Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Relations", in Henri Tajfel, ed., Social Identity and Intergroup Relations,(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 220-21; Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation,(New York: Basic Books, 1984), p. 110-12, and Michael A. Hogg and Dominic Abrams, Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes(New York: Routledge, 1988, p. 49.

24 Volkan, "The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: A Developmental Approach", p. 243-44.

25 Committee on International Relations, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Us and Them: The Psychology of Ethnonationalism,p. 119. See also Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies,p. 88, 94-95, 103.

26 Michael Howard, "War and the Nation-State", Daedalus,108 (Fall 1979), p. 102.

27 R. R. Palmer, "Frederick the Great, Guibert, Bulow: From Dynastic to National War", in Peter Paret, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 18.

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28 Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 5.