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air brakes at the leading edge of a sail, boards that spring open in heavy gusts to slow rotation.

axle the windshaft.

backwind a wind hitting the mill from the opposite direction the sails are facing.

beard a decorative board behind the canister.

beehive cap a domed cap.

brake wheel a large cogged wheel that drives the millstone; it is mounted on the windshaft.

bran the husks of grain.

buck the body of a mill that revolves above the trestle to keep the sails facing into the wind.

canister at the end of a windshaft, the socket that receives the stocks of the sails.

cap a movable top on some windmills; it is turned by a fantail so the sails face into the wind at all times.

cloth sail wood-frame sail covered with cloth. Also, the cloth itself.

common sails cloth sails.

concentrator a device used with a modern wind turbine to concentrate the windstream.

cross trees the heavy horizontal beams that rest on piers and carry the weight of the main structure.

crown wheel the horizontal gear that meshes with the vertical gear.

cut-in speed the speed of wind at which the sails of a windmill begin to turn.

fantail a small, helper windmill that turns the cap to face the wind. Also known as a fly tackle.

furling speed speed at which a windmill or wind turbine should be stopped to prevent structural dam­age from strong wind gusts.

grain hopper a holding bin for grain to be milled. heel the inner edge of a sail.

jib sails cloth sails that could be furled by a miller to slow the sails in high winds.

leader boards the boards on the leading edge of a sail. main post the post on which a post-mill is turned.

millstones the two stones that grind grain.

patent sails wood-shuttered sails attached to an opening and closing apparatus.

pepper pot a high, domed cap with a flat top.

post-mill a mill in which the entire body or buck revolves around on a trestle to face the wind.

quarter a mill to turn a mill slightly away from the wind to slow the sails.

reef to furl or take in a cloth sail to slow it down.

roundhouse the enclosed trestle portion of a post- mill, used for a storage space for grain and sometimes used as the miller's quarters.

runner stone the top millstone; the one turned by the mill.

sails the long blades or sweeps blown by the wind that drive the mill.

scoop wheel a cast iron wheel fitted with scoops to convey water to another level.

shroud a structure employed to concentrate or deflect wind.

shutter bar a bar linking shutters together.

shutters movable, spring-loaded boards that open and close according to the wind's power.

smock mill a multisided, wooden mill with a mov­able cap.

spring sail a sail having wind-activated, spring shutters.

sweeps another name for sails.

tower mill a brick or stone mill having a movable cap.

trestle the supporting members on which a postmill rests and revolves.

vanes the shutters of patent sails. Also, the sails of a fantail.

wallower the first wheel turned by the windshaft; it meshes with the brake wheel.

winded turned to face the wind.

windshaft the axle that is turned by the rotating sails; it turns the gears that run the mill's machinery.

ART TERMs

(Also see art tools and materials, sculpture)

abozzo Italian for "sketch." In painting, the initial outline or drawing.

abstract art art composed of distorted, abstruse, stylized, or unrecognizable forms that may or may not represent a person, place, or object.

abstract expressionism a nonrepesentational paint­ing style characterized by the use of abstract and styl­ized forms to express inner experience or emotion.

academic any style of art based on traditional stan­dards.

acanthus a popular motif featuring the thistlelike acanthus plant of the Mediterranean, most notably found on Corinthian columns.

achromatic colors the noncolors white, black, and gray.

action painting a style of abstract expressionism in which paint is splattered, hurled, or brushed on the canvas impulsively as a reflection of the artist's moods.

advancing and retreating colors the perceived ten­dency of warm colors to appear at the forefront of a painting while cool colors (blues, violets) recede into the background, an optical illusion.

alla prima an oil painting executed in one applica­tion rather than layer by layer. A painting done in one sitting.

alligatoring a network of cracks resembling an alli­gator's hide on old or damaged paintings.

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amphora a type of large Greek vase with two handles.