Читаем Collins COBUILD Advanced Learner’s Dictionary полностью

1 PHRASAL VERB If someone shakes up something such as an organization, an institution, or a profession, they make major changes to it. □ [V P n] The government wanted to reform the institutions, to shake up the country. □ [V n P ] Shareholders are preparing to shake things up in the boardrooms.

2 → see also shake-up

3 PHRASAL VERB If you are shaken up or shook up by an unpleasant experience, it makes you feel shocked and upset, and unable to think calmly or clearly. □ [be V -ed P ] The jockey was shaken up when he was thrown twice from his horse yesterday. □ [V n P ] He was in the car when those people died. That really shook him up. [Also V P n (not pron)]

shake|down /ʃe I kdaʊn/ (shakedowns )

1 N‑COUNT If an organization or system is given a shakedown , it is thoroughly reorganized in order to make it more efficient.

2 N‑COUNT A shakedown of a boat, plane, or car is its final test before it starts to be used.

shak|en /ʃe I kən/ Shaken is the past participle of shake .

sha ke-out (shake-outs ) in AM, use shakeout N‑COUNT [usu sing] A shake-out is a major set of changes in a system or an organization which results in a large number of companies closing or a large number of people losing their jobs. [JOURNALISM ] □  This should be the year of a big shake-out in Italian banking.

Shak|er /ʃe I kə ^r / (Shakers )

1 N‑COUNT A Shaker is a member of an American religious group whose members live in communities and have a very simple life.

2 ADJ [ADJ n] Shaker furniture is usually made of wood and has a very simple design.

sha ke-up (shake-ups ) in AM, use shakeup N‑COUNT A shake-up is a major set of changes in an organization or a system. [JOURNALISM ] □ [+ of/in ] …a radical shake-up of the secondary education system.

shaky /ʃe I ki/ (shakier , shakiest )

1 ADJ If you describe a situation as shaky , you mean that it is weak or unstable, and seems unlikely to last long or be successful. □  A shaky ceasefire is holding after three days of fighting between rival groups. □  I'm afraid that this school year is off to a shaky start.

2 ADJ If your body or your voice is shaky , you cannot control it properly and it shakes, for example because you are ill or nervous. □  We have all had a shaky hand and a dry mouth before speaking in public.

shale /ʃe I l/ (shales ) N‑VAR Shale is smooth soft rock that breaks easily into thin layers.

sha le gas N‑UNCOUNT Shale gas is a natural gas that is removed from rock by forcing liquid and sand into the rock. □  This area has huge deposits of shale gas.

shall ◆◆◇ /ʃəl, STRONG ʃæl/ Shall is a modal verb. It is used with the base form of a verb. 1 MODAL You use shall with 'I' and 'we' in questions in order to make offers or suggestions, or to ask for advice. □  Shall I get the keys? □  Shall I call her and ask her to come here? □  Well, shall we go? □  Let's have a nice little stroll, shall we? □  What shall I do?

2 MODAL You use shall , usually with 'I' and 'we', when you are referring to something that you intend to do, or when you are referring to something that you are sure will happen to you in the future. □  We shall be landing in Paris in sixteen minutes, exactly on time. □  I shall know more next month, I hope. □  I shall miss him terribly.

3 MODAL You use shall with 'I' or 'we' during a speech or piece of writing to say what you are going to discuss or explain later. [FORMAL ] □  In Chapter 3, I shall describe some of the documentation that I gathered.

4 MODAL You use shall to indicate that something must happen, usually because of a rule or law. You use shall not to indicate that something must not happen. □  The president shall hold office for five years.