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a largely religious emotion: Armstrong, Karen. The Great Transformation: The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions. New York: Alfred Knopf, 2006.

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Shakespeare’s plays, for example: Platt, Peter. Reason Diminished: Shakespeare and the Marvelous. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.

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They would inspire American transcendentalists: For a deep study of the contributions of Margaret Fuller to nineteenth-century culture and our understanding of the transcendent, see: Popova, Maria. Figuring. New York: Pantheon Press, 2019.

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Chapter 4: Moral Beauty

“Over time”: Morrison, Toni. “Toni Morrison: ‘Goodness: Altruism and the Literary Imagination,’ ” New York Times, August 7, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/07/books/toni-morrison-goodness-altruism-literary-imagination.html.

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inmate-led restorative justice: For a summary of the application of restorative justice in prisons around the world, see: Johnstone, Gerry. “Restorative Justice in Prisons: Methods, Approaches and Effectiveness.” Report to the European Committee on Crime Problems, September 29, 2014. https://rm.coe.int/16806f9905. For some of the evidence concerning how RJ reduces victim anger and offender recidivism, see: McCullough, Michael E. Beyond Revenge: The Evolution of the Forgiveness Instinct. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2008.

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“It ain’t a secret”: 2Pac. “Changes.” Greatest Hits. Amaru, Death Row, and Interscope Records, 1998.

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adverse childhood experiences: In your first eighteen years of life: 1. Did a parent or adult figure swear at you or humiliate you? 2. Did a parent or adult figure grab or hit you? 3. Did someone over the age of five touch you sexually? 4. Did you feel that people in your family did not love you or support one another? 5. Did you not have enough to eat or have to wear dirty clothes, or were your parents often too high or drunk to take you to a doctor when you needed one? 6. Were your parents separated or divorced? 7. Was your mother or stepmother punched, grabbed, thrown to the floor, or threatened with a gun or knife? 8. Was an adult family member addicted to alcohol or hard drugs? 9. Was an adult figure in your home depressed or did one suffer from other serious mental illness? 10. Did an adult figure in your home go to prison?

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dampening prospects and shortening lives: For an excellent review, see: Miller, Gregory E., Edith Chen, and Karen J. Parker. “Psychological Stress in Childhood and Susceptibility to the Chronic Diseases of Aging: Moving toward a Model of Behavioral and Biological Mechanisms.” Psychological Bulletin 137 (2011): 959–97. I review some of this evidence in Keltner, Dacher. The Power Paradox: How We Gain and Lose Influence. New York: Penguin Press, 2016.

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people who have less wealth: Piff, Paul K., and Jake P. Moskowitz. “Wealth, Poverty, and Happiness: Social Class Is Differentially Associated with Positive Emotions.” Emotion 18, no. 6 (2018): 902–5. In this study involving a nationally representative sample, low-income participants were more likely to report feeling more everyday love, compassion, and awe, and the well-to-do were more likely to feel pride and amusement.

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In our daily diary studies: Bai, Yang, Laura A. Maruskin, Serena Chen, Amie M. Gordon, Jennifer E. Stellar, Galen D. McNeil, Kaiping Peng, and Dacher Keltner. “Awe, the Diminished Self, and Collective Engagement: Universals and Cultural Variations in the Small Self.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 113, no. 2 (2017): 185–209.

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